AP World History Unit 5 Review (Years 1750-1900)

Unit 5: Revolutions from 1750-1900

Context of Unit 5: What was going on?

• Columbian Exchange increased movement of products, ideas, people, and diseases around the world → increased population
• Industrialization came about as a result of increased wealth & demand
• European states practiced Imperialism for more materials and access to markets
• Political shifts occurred as a result, led by rebellions and revolts
• More and more people migrated because of economic opportunity and political turmoil
• Major causes and effects of economic strategies of different states and empires

AP World Unit 5 Dates to Know

Full Course Review for AP World History

• 30 min - Overview: sorting by theme, region, and time periods
• 1 hour - 1200-1450 CE
• 1 hour = 1450-1750 CE
• 1 hour = 1750-1900 CE
• 1 hour = 1900-Present
• 30 min = Final thoughts: time management, strategies, and pep talk!

Unit 5 Essential Questions

1. How did the enlightenment lead to revolutions?
2. What were the causes and effects of the major revolutions?
3. What factors led to the Industrial Revolution?
4. What effect did industrialization have on traditional industries?
5. How did new technology increase economic production?
6. What methods did states use to industrialize?
7. How did economic ideology change as a result of industrialization?
8. How did industrialization spark reform?
9. What effect did industrialization have on society?

Past Essay Questions from Unit 5 AP World

Unit 5 Key Concepts: Course Outline

5.1: The Enlightenment

• New ideas emphasizing reason and individualism gained traction
• Revolutions were ignited because of the tension between new ideas and old traditions
• Key philosophers led the way with new ideas
• Thomas Hobbes → social contract
• John Locke → natural rights (life, liberty, & the pursuit of property), right to overthrow gov’t if rights are not protected
• Baron Montesquieu → checks and balances, different branches of gov’t
• Voltaire → religious freedom
• Jean-Jacques Rousseau → expanded social contract, will of the people
• Adam Smith → laissez-faire economics, free market, capitalism
• Thomas Paine → advocated for US freedom from Britain, anti-church
• Philosophers questioned religion, Deism embraced divinity and reason 

empiricismknowledge from observation and experiments, rather than religioussocialismthe public / the workers should own the means of productionclassical liberalismreflected enlightenment ideas pushing back on traditional politics, society, and economicsclassical conservatismnatural social order, belief in traditional monarchies & nobility, unapologetically elitistnationalismintense loyalty to others who speak your language and/or share your cultureutopian socialismideal societies designed to maximize harmony - shared ownership, positive workplaces, equal rightsfeminismbelief that women’s rights are human rightsabolitionismmovement to end slavery and extend rightszionismdesire for Jewish homeland in Middle Eastanti-semitismhostility toward Jews

5.2 Nationalism & Revolution

• Enlightenment ideas sparked revolutions as people fought oppression
• American Revolution
• Seven Years’ War increased British debts, so they taxed colonies
• At first, America just wanted representation in tax decisions
• Unable to come to an agreement, America declared independence
• Colonists got the W and established a new constitutional government
• New Zealand Wars
• Maori tribes occupied New Zealand from 1200s to 1840
• Britain annexed New Zealand in 1840 and increased control
• Maori tribes rebelled in spurts for 40 years, increasing Maori nationalism
• By 1872, the British had won
• French Revolution
• France in economic ruin after Seven Years’ War & American Revolution
• Three Estates (Clergy, Nobility, Commoners) met, but the common people were outvoted despite having 97% of the population
• The Third Estate broke away and established the National Assembly
• After storming the Bastille, the king was forced to accept the National Assembly as a new government
• The new government was unstable because radicals continued to spiral, leading to the Reign of Terror, which had everyone accused of treason
• Napoleon quelled the chaos and established himself as emperor
• Haitian Revolution
• Inspired by the revolutions in France and America, the slaves on the French colony of Haiti revolted against white masters in 1791
• Maroon communities joined the revolt led by Toussaint L’Ouverture
• The new Haiti established equality and citizenship for all and redistributed land for the formerly enslaved and free black people
• Then the French betrayed L’Ouverture and doubled down on squashing the rebellion with near genocidal tactics
• By 1803, pressure from Britain pulled Napoleon’s attention away from Haiti, leaving the French vulnerable
• Haiti was declared independent, the first black led country in the west
• Latin American Creole Revolutions
• Social hierarchy based on race and ethnicity caused tensions as the creoles resented the Spanish Crown for favoring Peninsulares
• Creoles wanted more political power, opposed Spanish mercantilism
• Mestizos also wanted a share of power
• Simon Bolivar led the independence movement and war through Venezuela, Columbia, Ecuador, and Peru
• Creoles established new constitutional governments that abolished slavery, but continued to oppress Indigenous communities and women
• Puerto Rico & Cuba
• Led by Enlightened poet Lola Rodriguez de Tio
• Last Spanish colonies, uprisings throughout the end of the 19th century
• Italian Unification
• Italy was divided between several small kingdoms and city states
• Count di Cavour practiced realpolitik to manipulate the unification 
• Realpolitik is the politics of reality, policy in pursuit of power
• Aligned with Giuseppe Mazzini and Giuseppe Garibaldi to get it done
• German Unification
• Established by Otto von Bismarck who also used realpolitik to engineer three wars in order to manipulate German unification
• German Empire founded in 1871, nationalism continued to increase for decades eventually leading to the World Wars
• Balkan Nationalism
• The Ottoman Empire was in slow decline for most of the 19th century
• Greece, Serbia, Bulgaria, and Romania experienced waves of nationalism

5.3 Industrialization Begins

• Agricultural Revolution in 1700s increased crop production
  • Crop rotation, seed drill, the potato
• Preindustrial societies were mostly rural, family based, subsistence farms
• Cottage industry arose because of cotton surplus, women worked at home
• New tech and processes accelerated production 
• Spinning jenny and water frame → reduced time to spin yarn and weave cloth → moved production out of home and into factories
• Interchangeable parts → each part could be replaced without replacing the whole thing
• Specialization of labor → each worker focuses on one thing, maximize production time and resources → assembly line
• Why the Industrial Revolution started in Britain
• Location = easily import raw materials and export finished goods
• Abundance of coal, mining became dominant in the UK and early America
• Expanded colonial empire gave Britain more markets & more materials
• Lots of rivers made transport of materials easy throughout the land
• Entrepreneurs had legal protection of property and business, less risk
• Growing population of workers and movement to cities because of the enclosure act (restricted land ownership in rural areas)

5.4 Industrial Revolution Spreads

• Industrialization spread throughout the world quickly as states innovated
  • France & Germany
  • France was delayed because of wars and less populated cities
  • Germany delayed until unification, then leader in coal & steel production
  • United States
  • Rapidly growing population through immigration
  • Leading industrial force by 1900
  • Russia
  • State-led industrialization
  • Focus on transportation, Trans-Siberian railroads
  • Japan
  • Modernization for defensive purposes to protect tradition 
• Textile production replaced shipbuilding in India and Southeast Asia, which declined during this period
• American Civil War led Britain to invest in other sources of cotton
• ⚡️Read: Asia from 1200 - the Present for more context on economics and industry in India and Southeast Asia, including shipbuilding
• Traditional manufacturing replaced by industrial manufacturing

5.5 Technology in the Industrial Age

• New technologies created faster and safer forms of transportation
  • Energy harnessed from steam was used to power boats and trains
  • Transportation was no longer dependent on winds/weather
  • Production of iron created stronger ships
• Second Industrial Revolution involved chemicals, steel, and electronics
• Oil & petroleum used for energy & eventually gasoline for automobiles
• Electricity introduced in 1880s
• Communication dramatically improved through telephone, telegraph, and radio
• Construction of railroads and improved communications increased migrations

5.6 Industrialization: Government’s Role

• Each country that industrialized in the 18th and 19th century used different economic strategies
• Ottoman Empire
• Tough 19th century for the Ottomans (overexpansion, weakened empire)
• In Egypt, Muhammad Ali led the Mamluks to modernize education systems, taxes, and the textile industry
• Japan and the Meiji Restoration
• Industrialized the fastest of any country (half a century)
• Japan was isolated from foreign affairs between 1600-1854, but everyone wanted in on Japanese markets
• US Commodore Matthew Perry sailed to Japan and demanded trading privileges, the Japanese complied
• Japan decided to modernize defenses in order to protect themselves from future threats in what was called the Meiji Restoration
• Japanese officials traveled to Western Europe to study and adopt:
• End of feudalism
• Constitutional monarchy with emperor
• Equality before the law
• Reorganized military and instituted conscription
• Expanded opportunities for education
• Built railroads and roads
• Subsidized industrialization for tea, silk, shipbuilding, and sake

5.7 Economic Developments and Innovations

• Mercantilist policy had gov’ts regulating the economy by promoting exports and limiting imports. Laissez-faire economics encouraged free trade.
• Innovations in business 
• Corporations developed as legal entities with ownership by stockholders
• Stock market later formed to buy and sell stocks
• Stockholders not personally liable, decreased risk increased investment
• Corporations that gobbled up entire markets became monopolies
• Transnational companies operated in more than one country
• HSBC bank
• Unilever
• Insurance industry established, number of banks increased
• Effects on Mass Culture
• Consumerism developed as middle class had more money to spend
• Biking and boating became popular things to do for fun
• Athletics and professional sports came about - soccer, baseball, tennis
• Construction of music halls and parks brought people together across class line

5.8 Reactions to the Industrial Economy

• Industrialization sparked heated debates about labor and economic policy
• Workers in harsh conditions organized for better pay and hours
• Labor unions provided collective power and protections
• Suffrage expanded as organized groups advocated for voting rights
• Child labor was banned and replaced with public education systems
• Capitalism was criticized as inhumane, which triggered economic debates
• John Stuart Mill = Utilitarianism, “the greatest good for the greatest number of people”
• Karl Marx advocated that capitalism would always lead to class warfare
• Bourgeoise (upper class) owned the means of production
• Capitalism incentives them to exploit proletariat (working class) for profit gains
• Proletariat always overthrows bourgeoise, eventually leading to communism where no class distinctions exist
• Ottomans reformed to meet the needs of an industrial economy
• Sultan Mahmud II reformed the military and tax collections, built roads, and created a postal service
• Tanzimat reforms after Mahmud included:
• Decreased government corruption
• Secular education system
• Codified laws made it easier for international business
• Updated legal system with equality before the law
• Women not included in most reforms
• Sultan Abdulhamid ended period of reforms and exiled advocates, Young Turks
• Also massacred hundreds of thousands Armenians and Assyrian Christians

• China also went through a period of internal reforms
• Self-strengthening movement was a set of policies to modernize
• Hundred Days of Reform abolished civil service exam, eliminated corruption, and reforms in medicine
• Some felt modernization was a threat to traditional culture and opposed foreign influence → Boxer Rebellion
• By 1911, China chose to become a republic
• Japan’s reforms affected traditional customs
• Samurai were dissolved and carrying a sword was outlawed
• Some defended their right to wear traditional clothing
• Japan quickly adopted democratic traits like public education, free press, labor unions, and individual liberties

5.9 Society and the Industrial Age

• Everyday life changed dramatically for everyone because of industrialization
• Cities grew quickly as economic centers shifted from farms to factories
• Conditions for poor families were terrible - overcrowded apartments, polluted water supplies, rampant diseases
• Growing number of wealthy families experienced better conditions, more leisure
• Class structure became more rigid as the wealth gap increased
• Working class at the bottom included factory workers, low-skilled jobs
• Middle class of managers, business owners, skilled jobs
• Super wealthy at the top, the 1%, the owners of large corporations
• Family life was affected by industrialization
• Unlike farming, factory work split the family up during the workday
• Long hours and exhaustion led to injuries and death, straining families
• Children worked in factories and coal mines with oppressive conditions
• Effects for Women
• Working class women faced hardships in factories with less pay
• Middle class women were spared from the breakbacking work, but also had to stay home and had limited opportunities
• Cult of domesticity advocated for women managing the home
• Feminism spread as women organized and advocated for equal rights
• Industrialization was terrible for the environment
• Air pollution increased as coal burning became more standard
• Water pollution led to the spread of cholera and typhoid
• Fossil fuels were burned at record rates, increasing CO2 emissions
• Mass production of goods made things cheaper and more easily accessible

Unit 5 Major Trends

• Industrialization → consumer goods more affordable and available
• Railroads increased circulation of goods, people, and ideas
• States could industrialize through private investment (Britain, US) or state investment (Russia, Japan)
• Demand for raw materials increased, new sources acquired by steamship
• Capitalism prevailed in Western Europe, but made life hard for many
• Harsh working conditions led to labor unions for collective power
• The rich got richer and the poor got poorer
• Women gained economic power with opportunities in factories
• People organized movements to advocate for government protections
• Voting rights expanded as a result of organized progressive movements

List of Unit 5 Concepts & Vocabulary

• American Revolution
• assembly line
• balance of power
• Berlin Conference
• Boer Wars
• bourgeoisie
• Boxer Rebellion
• capitalism
• cash crops
• Cecil Rhodes
• Charles Darwin
• Chinese Nationalist Party (Kuomintang)
• classical liberalism
• communism
• Congress of Vienna
• conservatism
• consumerism
• corvee laborers
• cult of domesticity
• Declaration of Independence
• Declaration of the Rights of Man / Rights of Woman
• Deism/Deists
• Empress Cixi
• enclosure movement
• export economies
• extraterritoriality
• factory system
• fossil fuel
• French Revolution
• Great Game
• imperialism
• indentured servants
• Indian National Congress
• industrialization
• interchangeable parts
• Karl Marx
• King Leopold II
• labor unions
• laissez-faire
• Maori
• Maroons
• means of production
• Meiji Restoration
• millenarian movement
• monopoly
• Napoleon Bonaparte
• nationalism
• Open Door Policy
• Opium War
• Otto von Bismarck
• Pan-Africanism
• penal colony
• Qing Dynasty
• raw materials
• realpolitik
• romanticism
• Roosevelt Corollary
• salons
• Scramble for Africa
• Self-Strengthening Movement
• separation of powers
• sepoy mutiny
• Simon Bolivar
• Sino-Japanese War
• Social Darwinism
• socialism
• Suez Canal
• Sun Yat-sen
• Taiping Rebellion
• Tanzimat
• tenement
• Toussaint L’Ouverture
• Trans-Siberian Railroad
• Transcontinental Railroad
• Treaty of Nanking
• Treaty of Portsmouth
• urbanization
• utilitarianism
• utopia
• Wahhabis
• White Australia Policy
• white-collar
• working class
• Xhosa Cattle Killing Movement
• Young Turks
• Zionism
• Zulu Kingdom