2.11 Forced vs. Voluntary Migration

Forced Migration

1. Refugees are people that are forced to migrate because of a threat to their life and cannot return for fear of persecution. An example would be people who have fled Syria, because of the ongoing civil war.
2. Internally Displaced Persons are similar to refugees, but they have not migrated internationally. In 2012, Colombia had around five million IDPs, because of the rampant drug cartels throughout the country.
3. Asylum Seekers are migrants to another country that are hoping to be recognized as refugees. An example of this is the migrant caravan that was traveling to the United States in 2018 from Central America. The migrants claimed they fled because of persecution in their home countries.

Causes of Forced Migration:

• War and conflict: People may be forced to leave due to persecution, violence, the threat of harm, or the destruction of their homes.
  • Example: The Syrian refugee crisis

• Human rights violations: Any kind of violation of human rights can cause forced migration, such as persecution based on race, religion, ethnicity, or political beliefs.
  • Example: The Rohingya refugee crisis

• Environmental disasters: Natural disasters, or the effects of climate change can force people to leave their homes.
  • Example: The displacement of people due to Hurricane Katrina

• Poverty and economic hardship: If people are living in economic hardship or in poverty, they would be forced to leave in search of better opportunities and a higher standard of living.
  • Example: The movement of people from Eastern Europe to Western Europe

• Government policies: Forced relocation or evictions placed by the government are often causes of forced migration.
  • Example: The forced relocation of indigenous communities in North America

• Health concerns: People might be forced to migrate due to health concerns, such as the lack of access to medical care or the threat of infectious diseases.
  • Example: The Ebola outbreak in West Africa in 2014-2016

Voluntary Migrations

• Economic reasons are definitely the main reason people migrate from one country, region, or area to another. People will look for better job opportunities.

• Transnational migration is the moving from one coast of a county to another. During the California Gold Rush, a number of people migrated out west in hopes of striking it rich!
• Transhumance is a seasonal migration that herders make with their livestock to allow them to graze. They change elevations depending on the seasons. This is still done today in Mongolia today but has largely died out.
• Internal Migration is migration within a country. During the first half of the 20th century, a number of African Americans moved from the south to the north where a number of factory jobs opened up.
• Chain Migration happens when one family member migrates to another place. Once he is established with a job and a home he will start to bring his family to the new home. Some of the Lost Boys of Sudan migrated to the United States and after getting established, they brought their mothers, siblings, and wives over as well.
• Step Migration happens when someone is traveling to a distant location. They might move from a rural area to a nearby village. Then they move to a town and finally to a city.

• Guest Workers are immigrants who have traveled to a country on a work visa. Sometimes it is short term and sometimes it becomes permanent. Germany has a number of Turks that live there today.  In the 1960s and early 1970s, they came as cheap labor and a number ended up staying. Today there are over two million people of Turkish ancestry that live in Germany. 
• Rural-to-Urban Migration is when people from farming areas move to cities. This happens frequently in developing countries. In China, almost a hundred million people have moved from the rural interior to the east coast where factory jobs are prevalent.